Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that starts before the age of 12 and continues into adulthood. It is characterised by persistent inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, not just “briskness” or “absent-mindedness”.
Symptoms
- Inattention/Distraction: Difficulty concentrating on details, frequent mistakes, omissions, difficulty completing tasks, disorganization.
- Hypermobility / Impulsivity:
In children: constant movement, inability to remain quiet.
In adults: inner restlessness, impulsive acts, restlessness. - Chronic onset and cross-sectional manifestation:
Symptoms occur in two or more contexts (e.g. school and home), last at least 6 months and had onset before the age of 12 years. - Comorbidity:
Often accompanied by anxiety, learning difficulties, emotional disorders, etc.
Treatment Options
- Medication:
Stimulants (e.g. methylphenidate, amphetamine preparations) and non-stimulants such as atomoxetine, guanfacine, clonidine) are used. - Psychotherapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), parenting counseling, educational programs and occupational therapy are important.
- Combination therapy: The most effective treatment involves medications combined with psychotherapeutic interventions.
- Lifelong management
There is no treatment that “cures” completely, but symptoms can be significantly reduced with effort and support.
Prognosis
In 30-50% of children with ADHD, symptoms continue into adulthood.
In adults, hyperactivity decreases, while internal restlessness and difficulties with attention, concentration and organisation remain.
ADHD can impair quality of life and can be associated with poor health, low self-esteem and interpersonal conflict. However, early treatment significantly improves these effects.
What can help
Early diagnosis and access to appropriate treatment.
Compliance, family/school support, individualised goals.
A holistic approach that combines medication, psychoeducation and occupational therapy.
Negative predictors
Delay in diagnosis, lack of access to treatment.
Comorbidities such as anxiety, learning difficulties, emotional problems.
Lack of a supportive environment or continuation of symptoms out of control.
Myths & Truths
Myth: There is no treatment.
Truth: There is no definitive “cure”, but there are very effective interventions that are life-changing.Myth: ADHD is a matter of mischief or discipline.
Truth: It is a neurobiological disorder, not just maladaptive behaviorMyth: ADHD does not affect adults.
Truth: Many adults live with it undiagnosed and can significantly improve their quality of life with treatment.
